发表于 2016 年 03 月 25 日 由 siyu
【编者注：原标题为：记传奇瑞士教育家胡斯曼博士和他的挚友隆海默及他们对二战“日出行动”的贡献】
在一个明媚的夏日清晨，我和我的两个孩子应邀到苏黎世市中心的佛劳大街23号（Fraumünsterstrasse 23）拜访马科司•胡斯曼博士基金会（Dr. Max Husmann Stiftung）主席库尔特•隆海默 (Curt Rhonheimer) 先生。这个邀请源起于女儿在瑞士上中学的一段经历。
1989年秋季，我把正在北京上高二的女儿接来瑞士继续求学。我当时在卢塞恩附近上班，就近把女儿送进位于邻近Zug州的蒙塔纳学校（Institut Montana）的美国分校。虽说女儿在北京上重点中学也有英文课，可是连一句最简单的英语对话都听不懂。第一学期下来几乎全部功课考试都没通过。在一个寒冷的冬天傍晚，我踏着没膝的深雪来到坐落在Zugerberg山顶上的学校，约见美国分校奥尔良(Oehrlein)校长。我对他说，女儿在这里学习要想赶上功课可能还需得很长时间；学费上万，我难以承担这样高的费用。我打算让她退学另找门路。他对我说，学校的宗旨首先和最重要的是教育和培养年青人，相比之下收取学费不是最重要的。你女儿跟不上功课的主要原因是语言差距。我们看到她非常用功，这对我们来说是最值得珍惜的品格。能减免学费当是最好的解决办法，我再进行交涉。马上就要开学了，请先让她来上课。如果交涉不成，你决定让她退学，这段学程可以免交学费。过了几周，奥尔良校长写信告诉我，学校已经安排学费减半。接着，我收到库尔特•隆海默签署的一封信，告诉我说女儿的另一半学费由马科司•胡斯曼基金会支付。此后从1990年直到1991年毕业，女儿每学期末都因“出色公民和学习表现”还得到马科司•胡斯曼学业奖。
嗣后，他作为基金会主席的来信说到：“因为我们非常渴望直接认识我们奖学金的受助人，我们将非常高兴和感激，如果您得便时能与您的女儿和儿子到我们位于苏黎世的办公室来访”。等到接着来临的夏天学校放假,我们去拜访了他。在这次会面后，我接到他的一封真挚来信，信中说：“通过你们7月20日来访，十分高兴和您以及您的孩子们相识。我愿再次祝贺您的女儿在蒙塔纳取得的好成绩”。
这是一次让我永远难忘的访问。我们走进他的办公室坐定之后，他详细询问了女儿以及开始不久在苏黎世高工（ETH）上学的儿子的在校情况。他诚恳地鼓励我的两个孩子，要以他的挚友胡斯曼博士为榜样，刻苦学习，坚持正义，回报社会。他给我们深情地讲述了以下关于胡斯曼博士的故事*。
二十世纪初，胡斯曼博士在苏黎世高工（ETH）研习数学。为了维持学业，他课余时间以每小时半瑞士法郎的收入做家庭教师。1915年他完成学业并取得博士学位后，在母校附近创办了一所私立学校，辅导年轻人准备ETH入学考试。1918年他将自己的学校和附近具有类似办学方针的米聂尔瓦学校（Institut Minerva）合并，使米校成为当年瑞士最大的一所私立中等学校。嗣后他找银行贷款2万瑞士法郎，买下Zug市坐落在一个山顶Zugerberg上的一所旧饭店作为校舍。基于在米校的办学经验和创新理念，胡斯曼博士于1926年创办了以培养个性，面向国际，整合一体化诸原则为特点的蒙塔纳学校。办校伊始学生人数持续上升。直到1938/1939学年办学受二战的严重影响，学生人数剧减。有的教师自愿或被迫离校。紧张的意识形态和反犹宣传毒化着学校空气。部分住房被征用做营舍，拘留所和难民住所。为了挽救学校，胡斯曼博士还时常需要自己掏腰包。随着战争的进展，某些轴心国高层人士的子女到蒙塔纳学校入学。当这些孩子和家长通电话时，时常会间接泄露有关国家的战况动向和计划。胡斯曼博士冒险获取并将所收集到的珍贵信息传送给盟军情报人员。
据史料记载，1945年2月21日意大利的帕黎里男爵（ Baron Luigi Parrilli ，其子在蒙塔纳学校求学**）作为私人交往前来瑞士会见胡斯曼博士，秘密探讨德国驻扎在意大利的精锐部队提前投降以便避免千万人的牺牲和北部倫巴第工业区遭到毁灭。帕黎里男爵原来是Kelvinator 和 Nash 跨国公司在意大利的代表，也和意大利游击队有联系。接着，胡斯曼博士找到他的朋友**瑞士总参谋部韦伯 （Max Waibel）少校商议。通过后者的介绍，与美国驻瑞士战略服务办公室（US Office of Strategic Services）艾伦·杜勒斯（Allen Dulles）接触。在胡斯曼博士和Max Waibel少校的斡旋之下，1945年3月为了安排驻意大利北部德军的投降，纳粹德国的代表与西方盟国代表在瑞士鲁伽诺 （Lugano），卢塞恩（Lucerne）等地进行了一系列秘密会谈。这就是二战史中著名<日出行动>（Operation Sunrise）的准备阶段。
<日出行动>的主角是美国驻瑞士战略服务办公室OSS负责人艾伦·杜勒斯, 瑞士部队军事情报一局“瑞吉”（Swiss Army Intelligence branch Nachrichtensammelstelle I “Rigi”）韦伯（Max Waibel）少校，和纳粹武装党卫军中將，德国警察，盖世太保，和党卫队保安局驻意大利首脑卡尔·沃尔夫中将（SS-Obergruppenfuehrer Karl Wolff）。<日出行动>作为美国和瑞士情报机关的合作导致德国驻意大利北部和奥地利西部国防军部队于1945年五月2日无条件投降。德军残余的最精锐部队近百万人在西南司令部和陆军C组司令维 腾 霍 夫(Heinrich von Vietinghoff) 将军的带领下投降。这是德国军队向盟军的第一个重大投降，并为5月8日VE (第二次世界大戰歐戰勝利紀念日）盟军在欧洲最终战胜纳粹德国提供了强劲的动力。
在<日出行动>的初期，进行过多次艰巨而冒险的秘密谈判。例如1945年3月19日的一次密谈在一个名为<Casa Signore in Croce>的湖边小旅店(现今位于瑞士南部城鎮阿斯科納（Ascona）的五星级饭店Eden Roc)举行。党卫军沃尔夫中将及其随员親卫隊少校Wenner和親衛隊中尉Zimmer与盟军代表艾伦·杜勒斯在小店的阳台上会谈。胡斯曼博士，Max Waibel少校和Parilli 男爵在座。需要指出的是胡斯曼博士和Max Waibel少校从事这些活动还遭遇到许多其他风险。一方面涉及这类活动时两位瑞士公民违背该国应当严守中立的国法，另一方面他们担心万一秘密泄露，纳粹潜水员从湖上或伞兵从空中的袭击。隆海默先生对我们说，作为胡斯曼博士的摯友，他也参加了胡斯曼博士的不少活动。为了<日出行动>谈判能顺利进行，或是在瑞士南部意大利边境，或是在敌情复杂的苏黎世等地，两人多次出生入死。
1945年德国法西斯投降，美国正式公布瑞士对<日出行动>的贡献。随后伯尔尼瑞士联邦政府召见胡斯曼博士。他设想即便不获授勋，至少会受到表扬。在苏黎世他的亲友安排，等他从伯尔尼办事回来，开一场盛大的庆祝晚宴以示祝贺。大家欢天喜地等待，胡斯曼博士回来却一脸晦气。原来他到联邦政府受到严格质疑和盘问，因为他的活动能够与瑞士作为中立国的法律相矛盾，差点被问罪。此后他离开瑞士去罗马，再没有回到瑞士。胡斯曼博士于1965年辞世。他留下遗产的一部分成立了马科司·胡斯曼博士基金会。胡斯曼博士基金会网页上载文称“马科司·胡斯曼的名字和精神在他的成果中永存。这包括他作为苏黎世Minerva学校的联合创始人以及位于Zugerberg蒙塔纳学校的创始人所做出的贡献。此二校历经历所有的动荡和危机幸存至今，仍然在国际上备受推崇。最后但并非最不重要的是，以胡斯曼博士为创始人的基金会自1967年以来给予了600多名天才的年青人接受科学或艺术教育以经济支持”。
2016年1月，为了回答一些历史问题，Rhonheimer夫人盛情邀请我到她家里做客。我很高兴和惊讶地看到，她以90多岁的高龄仍然十分健康和思维敏捷。她亲切地赐予我Rhonheimer先生的照片（如上图所示），以及一张1967年庆祝Rhonheimer先生母亲70寿辰的合影（如下图所示）。
她讲给我一段马科司·胡斯曼和库尔特●隆海默之间友谊的非常感人的故事。许多年前，隆海默先生的母亲去探视她躺在医院里的娘。碰巧在走廊里遇见马科司·胡斯曼的母亲。他们开始聊天，结果成为终生好友;并通过她们传到他们的儿子也是如此。隆海默夫人告诉我，马科司在许多方面支持和帮助了年轻的库尔特。她还回忆告诉我，2000年库尔特在办公室工作一整天后说他身感不适。由赶来的救护车送到急诊室后，他的性命未能挽救，享年78岁。
后来，这个消息是由隆海默夫人的一封意想不到的信件告知我的。现摘录我当年给夫人回信的一段话作为本文的结束语：”得知隆海默先生逝世的噩耗使我震惊。我一直期望能够有机会再次和他相见。我还记得在那阳光明媚的夏日，我领着两个孩子拜访他靠近利馬特河的办公室。他亲切地领我们走进墙上挂着许多名人历史照片的房间。他对我们讲述他的过去。在二战期间他怎样与传奇的胡斯曼博士一起参加英勇的反法西斯<日出行动>。这是一堂最生动的人生课程，它将永远铭记在我们心中。在我们告别前我问他，您已经不年轻，又经历了那么多生活艰辛，也取得如此高的成就，您什么时候退休？他说道：只有等棺材盖上后我才退休。也许如今在肉体上他已经退休，但他的精神将永远不会退休。它将永远作为未来代代人的楷模”。
* 本文原来用英文写出以便征求隆海默夫人高见。修改定稿后现译出并附原文于后。以下讲述是根据笔者20多年前与隆海默先生谈话记忆写成。有关年代和史实节自史料[1] – [11] 。
** 据伊涅思· 隆海默夫人于2016年1月在苏黎世对笔者的讲述。
- 对于已入鲐背之年的伊涅思· 隆海默夫人拨冗热心给笔者讲述珍贵史实特此鸣谢。
参考史料:
[1] Dr. phil. Max Husmann-Hart （马科司∙胡斯曼—哈特博士 ）| 1888 – 1965; https://www.maxhusmann.ch
[2] OPERATION SUNRISE: AMERICA’S OSS, SWISS INTELLIGENCE, AND THE GERMAN SURRENDER （日出行动：美国战略服务办公室，瑞士情报局和德国投降）1945, Stephen P. Halbrook; “Operation Sunrise”. Atti del convegno internazionale (Locarno, 2 maggio 2005), a cura di Marino Viganò – Dominic M. Pedrazzini (Lugano 2006), pp. 103-30.
[3] Operation Sunrise, Max Waibel hat zum Kriegsende in Norditalien beigetragen. Die Schweiz distanzierte sich trotzdem von ihm, （日出行动：马科司韦伯于战争末期在意大利北部的活动。尽管如此瑞士和他保持距离）Von Rico Bandle; Geschichte: Operation Sunrise | Die Weltwoche, Ausgabe 17/2015 | Montag, 7. September 2015
[4] Weltkrieg verkürzt – Norditalien gerettet （二战战期缩短 - 意大利北部得救）, Gerhard Lob, Swissinfo, 07. Mai 2003
[5] UNTERNEHMEN SUNRISE （日出行动） Trauriger Sonntag ZWEITER WELTKRIEG; DER SPIEGEL 43/1966
[6] “Sunrise” – Waffenstillstandsverhandlungen in Oberitalien 1945 （日出行动：1945意大利北部停火谈判）: vielschichtiges Verhalten von Schweizern und der Schweiz, von Costa, Stefan, Allgemeine schweizerische Militärzeitschrift : ASMZ Band (Jahr): 171 (2005)
[7] Max Waibel und die deutsche Kapitulation in Italien （马科司韦伯和德国在意大利的投降）, Schweizer Vermittlungsdienste zur Verkürzung des Weltkriegs; Jürg Stüssi-Lauterburg, NZZ, 16.4.2005
[8] Wie Norditalien gerettet wurde （意大利北部如何得救）, Die Weltwoche, June, 1945; Die Weltwoche, Reprint on Mittwoch, 27. Januar 2016
[9] Wie die Schweiz den Krieg verkürzte （瑞士如何使战争期缩短）, Von Inge Ginsberg; Die Weltwoche, Mittwoch, 27. Januar 2016
[10] Lugano 1939-1945 （鲁伽诺1939-1945）, Francesca Pozzoli and Christian Luchessa; Guida Ai Luoghi, Publication: Taiana Muzzano
[11] Hotel Eden Roc, Ascona (阿斯科納的饭店Eden Roc); Ein Seehaus mit Geschichte <La Casetta> 1945
2016年3 月于苏黎世
The Legendary Swiss Educator Dr. Husmann His Close Friend Curt Rhonheimer & Their Contribution to the “Sunrise Operation” in World War II
Yan Chao
In a bright summer morning, my two children and I were invited to Fraumünsterstrasse 23 in Zurich downtown to visit Mr. Curt Rhonheimer, the president of Dr. Max Husmann Foundation (Dr. Max Husmann-Stiftung). This invitation originated from an episode of the education of my daughter in a Swiss middle school. In fall 1989, I brought my daughter who was a sophomore in Beijing to continue her study in Switzerland. At that time I was working in the vicinity of Lucerne, and sent my daughter to the American School of Institut Montana in the nearby Canton Zug. Although my daughter had English lessons in a key middle school in Beijing, she could not even understand a simple dialogue in English. At the end of the first semester, she failed in almost all her tests. In a cold winter evening at the end of the year, I trampled over a knee-deep snow to reach the school on top of the Zugerberg hill to meet the school principle Mr. Oehrlein.
I said to him that for my daughter to catch up with the class might need a long time. As tuition costs tens of thousands, it was difficult for me to bear such high costs. I am thinking to let her drop out and try to find other opportunities. He told me that the school‘s aim is first and foremost for the education and bringing up of students; and in comparison, the earning of school fees is not of paramount importance. The main reason that your daughter could not catch up is the language gap. We have seen that she worked very hard which to us is the most cherished character. Remission might be the best solution and I will work on it. Our school will start very soon, please let her come to the class. If negotiations for remission fails and you decide that she drops out from the course, you can be exempt from the tuition fees of this period.
After a few weeks, Mr. Oehrlein wrote to tell me that the school has arranged to halve the tuition. Subsequently, I received a letter signed by Curt Rhonheimer telling me that the other half of my daughter’s tuition was paid by the Dr. Max Husmann Foundation. As from 1990 until her graduation in 1991, my daughter also received Dr. Max Husmann scholastic awards due to “outstanding citizens and scholars” performances. Later as president of the Foundation, he wrote: “Since we are very anxious to make the personal acquaintance of the recipients of our scholarships, we would be very happy and grateful if you could arrange a visit of yours with your daughter and son at our office in Zürich.” Until the advent of school vacation in the following summer, we went to visit him. After the meeting, I received a sincere letter from him stating the following: ”It was a great pleasure to make your personal acquaintance as well as Peng’s and Xu’s at the occasion of your visit on July 20. Once again we would like to congratulate Peng for her magnificent performance at Montana…”
This was a visit for me to remember forever. After we sat down in his office he asked in detail about my daughter and my son who just started his study in ETH. He earnestly encouraged my two children to follow the model of his dear friend Dr. Husmann, who persisted in assiduous study, assertion on righteousness and reciprocation to society. He passionately told us the following story about Dr. Hussmann *.
In the early 20th century, Dr. Hussmann was studying mathematics in ETH Zürich. In order to maintain his study, he worked in spare time as a household tutor paid 0.5 Swiss Franc per hour. After he finished school and obtained a doctorate in 1915, he built a private school located in the vicinity of his alma mater, tutoring young people lessons to prepare for entrance examinations of ETH.
In 1918, he merged his own school and the nearby school Institut Minerva which followed a similar policy as his school and became one of Switzerland’s largest private secondary schools. Later, he applied for a bank loan of 20’000 Swiss Francs and bought an old hotel building located in Zugerberg, a hilltop in Zug City. With the experience of the successful expansion of Minerva Zurich and with creative ideas, in 1926 Dr. Max Husmann created on Zugerberg a school that was marked by the principles of individualism, internationalism and integration, the Institut Montana.
In the school right from the outset, the number of students rose steadily until school year 1938/39. The outbreak of World War II interrupted school operations drastically and the number of pupils decreased rapidly. Teachers moved out voluntarily or involuntarily. Ideological tensions and antisemitism propaganda poisoned the school community. Individual houses were requisitioned for billets, internment camp and refugee homes. Dr. Husmann had to stand with his personal fortune to save his school from ruin. As the war progressed, children of some top officers of the Axis Powers enrolled in Institut Montana. When those children talked over the phone with their parents, fighting movements and plans of the relevant countries were indirectly disclosed. Dr. Husmann took the risk to retrieve and pass collected valuable information to the Allied intelligence officers.
According to historical records, on February 21, 1945, the Italian industrialist Baron Luigi Parilli (whose son studied in Institut Montana**) came to Switzerland to meet Dr. Husmann on personal ground. They secretly discussed how to pave the premature surrender of the elite German troops stationed in Italy and therefore to save tens of thousands of lives and prevent the destruction of properties in the Lombardy industrial zone, Northern Italy. Baron Luigi Parrilli was formerly the representative of the Kelvinator and Nash companies in Italy and he also had contacts with Italian partisans. Subsequently Dr. Husmann turned to his friend** Major Max Waibel, Swiss General Staff. Through the latter’s introduction, the contact was set up with Allen Dulles, head of the US Office of Strategic Services (OSS) in Switzerland.
Under the mediation of Major Max Waibel and Dr. Husmann, in March 1945 representatives of Nazi Germany and Western allies conducted a series of secret talks in Lugano, Lucerne and other places to arrange the surrender of German troops stationed in Northern Italy. This happened as the preparation phase of the famous Operation Sunrise in the history of World War II.
The keyplayers in the Sunrise drama were Allen Dulles,head ofthe U.S. Office of Strategic Services (OSS)stationed in Bern; Major Max Waibel of the Swiss Army Intelligence branch Nachrichtensammelstelle I“Rigi”; and SS-ObergruppenführerKarl Wolff, head ofthe German police, the Gestapo, and SD intelligence in Italy. Operation Sunrise was a cooperative effort of American and Swiss intelligence services which led to the unconditional surrender of the German Wehrmacht forces in Northern Italy and Western Austria on May 2, 1945. General Heinrich von Vietinghoff, Commander-in-Chief of the Southwest Command and of Army Group C surrendered nearly a million soldiers, the strongest remaining German force. This was the first great surrender of German forces to the Allies, and became a strong impetus for the final Allied victory over Nazi Germany on May 8, Victory in Europe (VE) day.
In the early stages of Operation Sunrise, many difficult and risky secret negotiations were conducted. For instance, negotiations on March 19, 1945 were held on the terrace of the lakeside inn <Casa Signore in Croce> (today’s lake house “Casetta” Hotel Eden Roc) in the southernSwisstown of Ascona. SS General Wolff was accompanied by his adjutant, Sturmbannführer (storm unit leader) Wenner, and Obersturmführer (senior assault (or storm) leader) Zimmer. With Dulles attending the negotiation also included Dr. Husmann, Major Max Waibel and Baron Parilli.
Note that these activities undertaken by Dr. Husmann and Major Max Waibel also encountered many other risks. Regarding this kind of activities, on one hand the two Swiss citizens violated the strict neutrality law of their country; on the other hand they feared that if the confidentiality leaked out, they could be attacked by Nazi divers from the lake or paratroopers from the air. Mr. Rhonheimer told us, as a close friend of Dr. Husmann, he also participated in Dr. Husmann’s activities. For the smooth procession for negotiations of Operation Sunrise, they were traveling either in the southernSwissItalian border, or in enemy intelligence complex Zurichand other places; and together, they had to went through fire and water for many times.
In 1945 Nazi Germany surrendered and the US formally announced the Swiss contribution to the Operation Sunrise. Subsequently, the federalgovernmentin BernsummonedDr. Husmann. He conceived that even if not awarded a decoration, at least he will be praised.Hisfriends and relativesin Zurich arranged that when he comes back from Bern to opena grandgala dinner to honor him. Everybody was joyfully waiting, but he came back with a face full of dismay.
As it turns out, at the federal government he was rigorously queried and almost reprehended for his activities as it could be inconsistent with the Swiss law regarding the country’s neutrality principle. After this episode, he went to Rome and never returned to Switzerland. Dr. Husmann passed away in 1965. He left a part of his inheritance to establish the Dr. Max Hussmann foundation.
As cited in the Dr. Husmann Foundation’s web site, “The name and the spirit of Max Husmann live on in its works as co-founder of the Minerva school Zurich and as creator of the institute Montana Zugerberg, which has survived all the turbulences and crises until today and still is an internationally highly respected school. Last but not least, he is the founder of a foundation which since the year 1967 has financially supported the academic or artistic training of over 600 talented young people”.
In January 2016, in order to answer a few historical questions, Mrs. Rhonheimer kindly invited me to see her at home. I was very glad and astonished to see that she as a lady of over 90 years old is very healthy and quick thinking. She kindly bestowed me a photo of Mr. Rhonheimer (shown above) and a gathering photo celebrating the 70th birthday of Mr. Rhonheimer’s mother (shown below) dated 1967.
She told me a most touching story of the friendship between Max Husmann and Curt Rhonheimer. Many years ago, Curt Rhonheimer’s mother was walking in a corridor after visiting her mother lying in the hospital. By chance, she met Max Husmann’s mother who was also walking in the corridor. They started chatting, and eventually became lifelong friends; and through them, their sons as well. Mrs. Rhonheimer told me, Max supported and helped the younger Curt in many aspects. She also recalled and told me, in year 2000 after working a full day in his office; Curt Rhonheimer said that he was not feeling well. After being rushed to the emergency station by an ambulance, it was not possible to save his life. He died at the age of 78.
Later, this news was informed to me by an unexpected letter from Mrs. Rhonheimer. Let me cite in the following an excerpt of a letter I wrote back after receiving the news of the death of her husband to serve as a conclusion of this article: “I am shocked to hear about the sad news of Mr Rhonheimer’s passing away. I was always looking forward to have the chance to see him again. I still recall that sunny summer day when I brought my two children to his office close to the Limmat. He kindly admitted us into his room with many historical pictures of eminencies hanging on the wall. He told us stories of his past, how together with the legendary Dr Hussmann they participated in the heroic anti-fascist “Operation Sunrise” during the Second World War. It was a most vivid lesson of life which will stay forever in our hearts. At closing before we left, I was asking him: when will you retire as you are not young anymore, had gone through so many hardships in life and had attained such high achievements. He said: I only retire when the coffin lid has been closed. Maybe by now he has retired physically, but his spirit will never retire, it will always serve as a model to the forthcoming generations”.