看到茉莉的一篇文章《奥斯曼帝国余晖,庇护三百万邻人》[1],不得不写几句。茉莉笔下的奥斯曼帝国简直是地上天堂。例如下面一段:
“奥斯曼帝国是一个伊斯兰政权,但它在崛起过程中拥抱了希腊文化,还汲收了亚洲文明,因此颇具宗教宽容精神。在奥斯曼时代,那里的穆斯林与非穆斯林和平相处,基督教徒和犹太教徒都能享受很大的自由。”
“基督教徒和犹太教徒都能享受很大的自由。”?!茉莉应该了解一些历史,不要局限在穆斯林或是自认政治正确的人所写的东东里。按照可兰经,穆斯林之间亲如兄弟。可兰经也教导善待犹太人和基督徒,因为他们也是从世上獨一真神那里来的。但是这要求犹太人和基督徒臣服穆斯林,也就是说他们最多能成为二等公民。但二等公民也不是好当的,譬如要比穆斯林多交人头税等等(参考[2])。
相关可兰经条文:
(2-191)你们在那里发现他们(不信道者),就在那里杀戮他们,
(9-123)你们要讨伐邻近你们的不信道者,使他们感觉到你们的严厉,
(9-29)即曾受天经的人(指基督徒和犹太族),你们要与他们战斗,直到他们依照自己的能力,规规矩 矩地交纳丁税,
再看茉莉此文下一段:
“这个从土耳其小部落发展到曾跨越欧亚非的庞大帝国,在一战溃败后解体,只留下位于小亚细亚半岛的土耳其。1923年,凯末尔按照现代民族国家的模式来建国,土耳其获得新生。曾有六百多年悠久历史的奥斯曼帝国传统仍然遗留下来了。”
茉莉大概不知道近代的种族大屠杀不是从希特勒德国开始而是从奥斯曼帝国开始。维基对这件种族灭绝(亚美尼亚种族大屠杀)有如下描述:
“亚美尼亚种族大屠杀(英语:Armenian Genocide;亚美尼亚语:Հայոց Ցեղասպանութիւն;土耳其语:Ermeni Soykırımı),指土耳其政府於1915年至1917年间,对其辖境内亚美尼亚人进行的种族屠杀。其受害者数量达到150万之众。
“土耳其政府至今拒绝承认这是一次官方发起的有预谋的屠杀行为,但亞美尼亞、俄罗斯和其他多数西方国家皆认为这是一件可以和猶太人大屠殺相提并论的由一国政府蓄意进行的种族灭绝行为,一些土耳其学者(如奥尔汗·帕穆克等)也持有相同观点。目前共有阿根廷、比利时、加拿大、德国、法国、希腊、意大利、黎巴嫩、荷兰、俄罗斯、瑞典等廿多个国家官方承认这是一场种族屠杀。欧洲议会也承认“亚美尼亚大屠杀”事件,认为这宗屠杀为“违反人性的罪行”。联合国防止歧視和保護少數小組委員會也将事件定性为“种族灭绝”。”
维基不一定准确,但据我所知这件事的叙述还是基本准确的。(我以前的一位亚美尼亚同事就是这场种族灭绝的幸存者。)英文的维基更是指明其它种族也同样曾是奥特曼帝国的种族灭绝的目标(Other ethnic groups were similarly targeted for extermination in the Assyrian genocide and the Greek genocide)[3]。
茉莉还应该了解一些伊斯兰教和伊斯兰历史。真正了解一门有悠久历史的宗教不容易。
另外记住不能只读伊斯兰学者和穆斯林的文章书籍。有一些书籍可以参考[4-10]。
我最近写过一篇关于移民政策的文章,供参考[11]。
注释:
(1) 茉莉:奥斯曼帝国余晖,庇护三百万邻人 https://hxwk.ciaos.org/hx.hxwk.org/?p=155464
(2)Bat Yeor, Miriam Kochan, and David Littman, “Islam and Dhimmitude: Where Civilizations Collide,” Fairleigh Dickinson University Press; 2001.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Genocide
(3)The Armenian Genocide (Armenian: Հայոց ցեղասպանություն,[note 3] Hayots tseghaspanutyun), also known as the Armenian Holocaust,[9] was the Ottoman government’s systematic extermination of 1.5 million Armenians,[note 2] mostly citizens within the Ottoman Empire.[10][11] The starting date is conventionally held to be 24 April 1915, the day that Ottoman authorities rounded up, arrested, and deported from Constantinople(now Istanbul) to the region of Ankara 235 to 270 Armenian intellectuals and community leaders, the majority of whom were eventually murdered. The genocide was carried out during and after World War I and implemented in two phases—the wholesale killing of the able-bodied male population through massacre and subjection of army conscripts to forced labour, followed by the deportation of women, children, the elderly, and the infirm on death marches leading to the Syrian Desert. Driven forward by military escorts, the deportees were deprived of food and water and subjected to periodic robbery, rape, and massacre.[12] Other ethnic groups were similarly targeted for extermination in the Assyrian genocide and the Greek genocide, and their treatment is considered by some historians to be part of the same genocidal policy.[1][2] Most Armenian diaspora communities around the world came into being as a direct result of the genocide.[13]
(4) Nabeel Qureshi, “Seeking Allah, finding Jesus, a devout Muslim encounters Christianity.” Zondervan, Expanded ed. 2016.
(5) Nabeel Qureshi, “Answering Jihad : a better way forward.” Zondervan, 2016.
(6)Nabeel Qureshi, “No God but One: Allah or Jesus?: A Former Muslim Investigates the Evidence for Islam and Christianity,” Zondervan, 2016
(7)Bernard Lewis, “What Went Wrong?: The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East,” Harper Perennial, 2003.
(8)Bernard Lewis, “The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror,” Random House Trade Paperbacks, 2004.
(9)Bernard Lewis, “The Middle East: A Brief History of the Last 2,000 Years,” , 1997
(10)Ayaan Hirsi Ali, “Heretic: Why Islam Needs a Reformation Now,” HarperCollins Publishers, 2015.
(11)韩家亮:移民政策,种族关系与美国政治 https://chinainperspective.com/ArtShow.aspx?AID=189019
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